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Any of the three sites for phosphorylation of cardiac MBP-C can be phosphorylated by a variety of kinases.
Like MyoD, myogenin has an inhibitory phosphorylation site (T87) that was shown to be phosphorylated by a high-frequency stimulation pattern (Blagden et al., 2004), but more experiments would be required to establish pattern specificity.
The soybean NOD26 can be phosphorylated by a calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) [ 37]; phosphorylation of NOD26 on Ser262 enhanced its water permeability [ 43].
For example, the MAPK optimal phosphorylation site identified in Type IIα PIPK could be phosphorylated by a MAPK bound to Type Iα PIPK, which has been shown to co-immunoprecipitate with Type IIα PIPK [ 113].
CxmZ lacks the first of a pair of aspartates at positions 13 (serine) and 14 (aspartate) that determine the structure of the phosphorylation pocket in typical RRs, and it is thus unlikely to be phosphorylated by a cognate histidine sensory kinase (no such protein is encoded in the cxm gene cluster), supporting its classification as an atypical RR (see Fig. S12 in the supplemental material).
Thus, any protein can be assessed for the likelihood that it can be phosphorylated by a specific kinase, based on whether its sequence possesses a likely phosphorylation site of the kinase.
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The Ser residue in the hydrophobic motif at the C-terminus may then be autophosphorylated or it may be phosphorylated by an autologous kinase controlled by mTOR, thus making PKCε ready for translocation.
In the present study, two conserved sites, R/KxxS/T and S/TxxD/E, were verified as the key phosphorylation sites in VvbZIP proteins which are phosphorylated by a Ca2+ independent protein kinase and casein kinase II, respectively [ 5, 32].
Therefore, phosphorylation of Akt is somewhat complicated as it is phosphorylated by a complex that lies downstream of activated Akt itself [ 4, 19].
It is also possible that ATM is phosphorylated by a different class of kinase and a recent report that IKKβ phosphorylates ATM on serine 1981 in cells exposed to alkylating agents is provocative [ 24].
Ideally, however, definitive proof that specific sites are phosphorylated by a protein kinase requires demonstration that the enzyme is capable of phosphorylating purified recombinant protein substrate on the same residue in vitro.
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