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Non-responder studies suggested that, because of participation bias, headache prevalence might be overestimated in initial responders by up to 2% (absolute).
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In particular, the GWAS of severe malaria in West Africa (Jallow et al. 2009) reported "because the effect size was overestimated in initial reports ('winner's curse') [among other contributing factors]…[the study] did not identify any of the well-known erythrocyte variants that have been selected by malaria, other than HbS".
In order to understand why the fraction of bacterial HT genes in Methanosarcina spp. has been overestimated in initial publications [ 19, 24], we performed searches through a series of time-scaled databases, and found that this effect was observed because of the database composition in 2001.
The activity of pons might be overestimated in this study.
Further, the effect size may have been overestimated in the initial Finnish discovery sample.
One explanation for the failed replication might be limited statistical power of our study sample and/or that the risk effect at this locus has been overestimated in the initial GWAS, a phenomenon that is called the "winner's curse".
The classification was overestimated in 35.5% of the cases and underestimated in 6.0% of the cases.
Thus, satisfaction might have been overestimated in this study.
So whereas Giardia exposure is associated with persistence of IBS and CF, the risk may be overestimated due to initial differences in the exposed and control groups.
Implant length in initial planning with panoramic radiographs tends to be overestimated, which could be attributed to the inherent magnification in panoramic imaging leading to an overestimation of the available bone for implant placement [ 19, 20].
If this is not the case, the initial reproduction number will be overestimated, as secondary cases will be assigned to too few index cases: we implemented a correction as described in Additional file 1: Supplementary material S1.
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