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Furthermore, simulations have shown that Na+2 is the last ion to bind during the substrate loading13,15 and the first one to leave for substrate release, suggesting that the Na+2 binding site might be of low affinity, which is supported by simulations presented below.
The response of the T cell depends on the affinity of the TCR for the pepMHC, yet many TCRs have been shown to be of low affinity, and some naturally occurring T cell responses are poor due to low affinities.
As indicated by the quantitative data, the interaction appears to be of low affinity and/or high kinetical dynamics.
Antibodies against β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) are believed to be of low affinity and thus unable to bind to the free antigen in a solution.
In a model serum antibody screening experiment, the hits identified multiple times were, without exception, high quality ligands while compounds isolated only once were far more likely to be of low affinity.
Indeed, whereas OT-I cells have very high affinity TCRs that can kill upon recognition of just a handful of peptide-MHC complexes, the TCRs of alloreactive CTLs would be much more likely to be of low affinity, and would thus not have been triggered by the low levels found at the surface of the various stem cells used in your study.
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These monoclonal antiidiotype (anti-Id) antibodies, raised against CDR3 peptides, gave strong reactions in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblots, but they were of low affinity compared to syngeneic anti-Id raised against the intact IgM protein.
In contrast to FcγRI, other activating Fc receptors are of low affinity and only bind multimeric IgG as found in immune complexes and, in any case, IgG2 also has low affinity for these receptors [30].
This interaction was of low affinity and required titration with 20-fold molar excess of ligand to induce specific amide resonance shifts for a pocket located in the second Tudor domain.
If binding is of low affinity, the amount of protein that adheres to the beads in a pre-clearing step will be small, and there will be enough protein left to be precipitated in a subsequent step, using specific antibody to either the protein of interest or the putative binding partner.
This previous polyclonal anti-progerin did not detect progerin in normal tissue, and to rule out the possibility of the antibody being of low affinity or that the recognized epitope might be masked, we generated a rabbit monoclonal antibody using the same peptide as antigen as described in Materials and Methods [30].
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