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Information about where others are looking may often be of adaptive value in social interactions and predator avoidance, but studies across a range of taxa indicate there are substantial differences in the extent to which animals obtain and use information about other individuals' gaze direction.
Hence, it would be of adaptive value in caves, with no vision available, to profit from underwater hearing by recognizing particular sounds and eventual localization of prey or other sound sources, i.e. acoustical orientation in general.
Many of the latter have been demonstrated to be of adaptive value in tropical-alpine climates.
Waterlogging-induced reduction of lateral roots could be of adaptive value as lateral roots consume oxygen supplied from above ground via their parent root.
The integron cassettes are known to be activated by stress conditions, thereby allowing swapping of genetic material that might be of adaptive value [ 132, 133].
An increased proportion of lateral roots in the upper layers is thought to be of adaptive value by compensating for the reduction of absorptive root surface resulting from the inhibition of root growth at depths below 30 cm.
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Whether such performance measures predict paternal investment has not yet been investigated in songbirds, but there is accumulating evidence that even in large repertoire species the performance of fine-scale song structures is of adaptive value [ 70– 72].
This is consistent with the hypothesis that many recently acquired genes are under rapid and relaxed evolution, and a few genes are of adaptive value (Hao and Golding 2006).
Second, archaea might have a higher capacity to incorporate foreign genes, for instance, through facilitated gene import and genome incorporation via known and/or yet-to-be discovered mechanisms and keep them if these are of adaptive value.
This could also mean that fish descendants, such as birds, possess anatomical structures, wiring, and processing abilities in the brain that may be reused if it is of adaptive value in their ecological niche to form coordinated animal groups.
It has been argued that a reduction of lateral roots developed from the parent root is of adaptive value as more oxygen could reach the tip of the parent root to sustain root elongation (Armstrong et al. 1983; Sorrell et al. 2000; Aguilar et al. 2003).
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