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Unrest (shaded grey) cannot be observed directly, and must be inferred from observations (e.g. seismicity and SO2 emission, shaded blue).
Like physical quantities, values of economic variables often cannot be observed directly and must be inferred from observations based on abstract and idealized models.
These cannot be observed directly and can only be inferred from related observations.
Gravity cannot be observed directly, such that its characteristics must be inferred from observations of its effects.
Domain structure can be observed directly.
In particular, the processes cannot be observed directly.
Note that thoughts/beliefs and feelings/emotions cannot be observed directly.
Black holes cannot be observed directly; their gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape their clutches.
Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea are prime examples of such microorganisms for which dissemination history cannot be observed directly.
Clinical reasoning in patient care is a skill that cannot be observed directly.
The sandwich coupons enable the initiation of damage to be observed directly.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com