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This is as expected, since these two proteins directly inhibit the p16/RB pathway, so there would be no selection for cells lacking p16.
As a consequence, no LD should build up, and there should be no selection for or against sex in the region close to the MMA ("black crescent" in Figure 5a).
Therefore, it was predicted that in such non-functioning lineages, there would be no selection for high rate of non-synonymous substitutions that could result in correlations between different substitution rates and allelic variation.
In settings of domestication, even if most characters that are selected by the breeders are recessive, and could even sometimes be associated to chromosomal rearrangements, there is never any direct pressure for individuals to stop breeding with the ancestral stock, and there can thus be no selection for either saeptation, or reinforcement.
Moreover, given the fact that there are 4 alleles of GSK3, mutation of a single allele would not activate the Wnt pathway much further, so there would be no selection for loss of GSK3, reinforcing the notion that GSK3 inhibition would not drive CRC.
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So while there is no selection-for collectives being the unit of evolution, there is selection-of the conditions for them to be so [selection-of/selection-for as per Sober (1984)].
One of the things that one of our research team picked up was that modern plant cultivars are actually more vulnerable to the effects of ozone than older cultivars, so there's been no selection for improved tolerance of ozone.
Our data indicated that although RNAs lacking the psi site are poorly packaged into virions, those RNAs that are included in the virions undergo frequent recombination, even if there is no selection for recombination.
When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the effective population size, indicating that it is driven more by mutation bias than by genetic drift.
First, there was no selection for high affinity octamer binding sequences, as there was for the in vitro sequences.
In contrast, there was no selection for the test water in either experimental fish exposed after PST or control fish.
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