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Nobody expects Western Europe to make the vast investment (perhaps requiring a long-term doubling of current defence spending) that would be needed to duplicate the satellite intelligence and logistical support that America currently provides to NATO.
Faster times will be needed to duplicate the performance in Rio.
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In the calculation of simulated Raman spectra, only two polarizability parameters associated with C C stretching and C C C angle bending were needed to duplicate the spectroscopic features observed.
This reserve of chromatin-bound MCM2-7 complexes is much larger than is needed to duplicate the genome, and supplementary origins remain dormant as long as replication forks that proceed from selected origins move freely.
Given that the trends we observed here are general for all detectable duplicates, future studies will be needed to address the possible differences between duplicates of different origin.
Thorough validation using independent data collections was needed to identify two duplicates.
Further characterization is needed to determine if the duplicated rice ZIFL genes are becoming pseudogenes or acquiring new functions.
Relatively little is known about the long-term balance between the processes of gene loss and sub- and neofunctionalization. Understanding the molecular, functional, and expression level divergence of retained gene duplicates is needed to appreciate the role of gene duplication in the generation of evolutionary complexity.
In this case, the function of an ancestral gene is partitioned between the two duplicates via complementary and degenerate mutations so that both duplicates are needed to maintain the original function of the single ancestral gene (Force et al. 1999; Lynch and Conery 2000; Lynch and Force 2000; Prince and Pickett 2002).
It took Mrs. Einstein some weeks to clear up the affair and to obtain a duplicate check, which was needed to pay the salary of an assistant.
We knew we that needed to duplicate the capacity.
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