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A longer period between arrival of owner and intruder may be needed to confer a consistent advantage to E. nassaui owners (Field and Calbert 1999; Mohamad et al. 2013).
Moreover, the eukaryote-specific extensions within conserved r-proteins may be needed to confer nuclear targeting to those r-proteins that are assembled into nuclear pre-ribosomal subunits.
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It is estimated that 107 CFU/mL of live probiotic cells are needed to confer health benefits to the consumer [22].
But it is now widely acknowledged, even by minimalists, that at the very least some higher-order relations are needed to confer structure on first-order properties.
Boyer and colleagues [16] showed that a template extension of at least 3 to 4 nucleotides was needed to confer sensitivity to dideoxyinosine or dideoxyadenosine triphosphate nucleotides on wild type HIV-1 RT implying that downstream interactions play a role in nucleotide discrimination.
165 Considering the benefits of AET on BP, we pose an important question: How much exercise is needed to confer such benefits?
This is not only because they are needed to confer the phenotype in the absence of the superior allele, but also because their effect is often suppressed by a major superior allele through epistasis.
Considering the benefits of exercise training on changes in metabolic risk factors among obese individuals, we ask an important question: How much exercise is needed to confer such benefits?
Distal sequences of this promoter (between −1132 and −395) were needed to confer a preferential spatial expression of GUS activity in the cotyledons while proximal regions confer responses to ABA and heat shock This −83 to +163 fragment was observed to be sufficient to support a promoter activity in tobacco galls induced by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita.
MRI promises to improve diagnosis, but studies are needed to confirm that use of MRI confers survival advantages and to further reduce the incidence of false-positive findings.
Reverse genetics will be needed to identify which of the five to nine amino acid substitutions in this virus are essential to confer airborne transmission.
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