The dynein-dynactin complex plays an important role during mitosis [ 9, 10] and is necessary for synapse stabilization [ 11].
In addition, Pumilio, a translational repressor also required for the polarization of the oocyte, has been shown to be associated with neuronal RNPs (59, 60) and is necessary for synapse function and dendrite morphogenesis (61– 61).
During development, microglia are now shown to be necessary for pruning of supernumerary synapses and clearance of apoptotic neurons [ 103, 119].
We also measured the level of co-localization of endogenous RhoGAP2 with synapsin and found that the over-expression of IL1RAPL1▵C does not reduce significantly the level of RhoGAP2 that co-localizes with synapsin (data not shown), suggesting that IL1RAPL1 might not be necessary for RhoGAP2 localization at synapses.
A moderately selective antagonist at GluN2C/D subunit containing receptors, PPDA (10 μM and 500 nM), and also a more selective blocker, UBP141 (3 μM), both blocked t-LTD without affecting t-LTP at P6 8 and P11 15 synapses indicating that GluN2C/D subunit might be necessary for t-LTD at these synapses.
First, the Tim-1 cytoplasmic tail appears to be necessary for exclusion from the immunological synapse, since a cytoplasmic tail truncation results in greater amounts of Tim-1 in the SMAC.
The concept that reactivation of modified synapses may be necessary for long-term memory maintenance has a history of several decades [17], [18].
It may be that the right balance of excitatory synapses and other connections may be necessary for complex vocalizations, Huganir suggests.
These specific changes in synaptic mitochondrial protein expression may be necessary for the maintenance of ATP production required specifically at the synapse despite age-associated insults.
Epha4 was found to suppress synapse development in the HC [ 56], while Epha5 knock-out (KO) mice showed decreased spine density in other brain regions [ 42] and may be necessary for proper hippocampal projections [ 57, 58].
