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Altogether, accumulating evidence suggests a crucial role for LPA, which can be modulated by diet, in the pathogenesis of central and peripheral diseases.
We found defecation rate to be modulated by diet in a manner predictive of food intake, as measured by the CAFE assay (Ja et al., 2007).
For example, genome-wide methylation is altered during aging [ 5- 7] and malignant transformation [ 8], and recent evidence supports the notion that methylation can be modulated by diet and environment [ 9- 11].
Small dense LDL particles and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modulated by diet, but there is little information regarding the effects of dietary saturated fat on their plasma levels.
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Furthermore, we have shown that the association between the CLOCK-rs4580704 SNP and T2D incidence is modulated by diet.
Among these 11 genes, we chose to validate the expression of glucokinase (Gck), as it catalyzes the first rate-limiting step in glycolysis and its transcription is modulated by diet and insulin treatment, as well as by hepatic nuclear factor 4 α HNF4 α [ 21].
Atlantic salmon hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) [ 89] was used as control for normalization of expression since this gene was found not to be modulated by the diet treatments from the microarray analysis.
There is an increasing recognition that the gas constituents of the colon, which are mainly the metabolic by-products of the colonic microbiota, are associated with the pathogenesis of colonic diseases and can be modulated by drugs or diet.
Here it was postulated that the IL-6 gene polymorphisms could be modulated by the Mediterranean diet as has been noted in cellular studies (Mena et al. 2009; Camargo et al. 2010) with the Mediterranean diet contributing to differences between Northern and Southern European incidence, and mortality from vascular disease (Fung et al. 2009; de Lorgeril and Salen 2006).
Raichlen and Alexander 2014 have argued and provide evidence that ApoE4, which is the ancestral variant, is negatively affected by smoking, high fat diet and a sedentary life-style but can be modulated by appropriate excise and diet regimes similar to those which were part of the life-style of our ancestors.
Edited by Helaine E. Resnick, PhD, MPH A new study in this issue of Diabetes Care (p. 3803 ) examines how a genetic polymorphism that has been shown to increase diabetes risk may be modulated by adherence to a Mediterranean diet.
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