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The destruction of infected cells by CTLs can be mediated by either receptor-mediated induction of apoptosis or via the perforin/granzyme pathway.
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) resulting from exposure to low molecular weight chemicals is a common clinical condition in industrialized countries and can be mediated by either Th1 or Tc1 lymphocytes.
It has also been shown that this protection can be mediated by either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells [25], [26].
Thus, negative regulation of GPVI-dependent dense granule release does not appear to be mediated by either PKCδ or PKCθ.
These results suggest that interactions between the Ccr4-Not complex and hnRNPs may be mediated by either direct or indirect protein-protein interactions.
Together these pathway analyses (Fig. 7, 8) reveal that the effects of TGFbeta signaling could be mediated by either traditional SMAD-dependent signaling or by a SMAD independent pathway involving either TAK1/p38/JNK or TAK1/NLK.
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The role of Tat as an inhibitor of Dicer has been questioned and our results support and extend the conclusion that Tat does not inhibit RNAi that is mediated by either exogenous or endogenous miRNAs.
One of the first events marking the DSB is the phosphorylation of the histone H2A isoform H2AX at S139, also referred to as γ-H2AX, which is mediated by either ATM, ATR, or DNA-PKcs [14], [15], [16].
Therefore, although we cannot formally rule out the secretion of inhibitory factors by CD85j+ NK cells at the immunological synapses with DC, it is unlikely that HIV-1 suppression by CD85j+ NK cells was mediated by either cytotoxicity or soluble factors.
It is not known which functions of TSC-Rheb-TOR in the nervous system are mediated by either or both of the two Tor kinase-containing complexes, and if pharmacological intervention in tuberous sclerosis complex patients should best be directed at TORC1, with agents such as rapamycin, or if TORC2-specific agents will also be important.
We tested whether the inhibition of cell proliferation is mediated by either SR-BP or EBP.
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