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We captured cortical responses to musical rhythms using frequency tagging2 because this approach permits neural responses to be measured without the need for explicit behavioral responses or overt movement, which could potentially bias these perceptual measures39.
Hans-Andreas Engel and Daniel Loss of the University of Basel, Switz., suggested a mechanism by which the spin states of a pair of electrons in a quantum dot could be measured without the destruction of the spin states.
The experimental results from three different empirical studies, on more than 600 engineering students from the University of Genoa, showed that HAS (i) can be measured without the assumptions required by HRC, (ii) depends not only on the knowledge domain, as HRC, but also on the complexity of the problem, and (iii) can be exploited for better understanding of the human learning process.
Salmon (1977, 273) argues, however, that the standard formulation of the law of conservation of momentum makes use of the concept of one-way velocities, which cannot be measured without the use of (something equivalent to) synchronized clocks at the two ends of the spatial interval that is traversed; thus, it is a circular argument to use conservation of momentum to define simultaneity.
This was an improvement on previous techniques [23], [24], [25], because the exact return times and subsequent flight behavior of many individual bees could be measured, without the need of constant human observation.
Absorbance changes arising from the reaction of TNB with HOSCN were monitored at 412 nm, as this allowed the decay of TNB to be measured without the confounding influence of other species.
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The phase-dependent consequences of topotecan treatment upon mitosis and apoptosis were measured without the confounding effects of cell synchronization or metabolic inhibition.
In order to assess the viewing time, the time from stimulus onset until the completion of the second rating (sexual arousal rating) was measured without the knowledge of the participant.
But it has to be taken into account that in contrast to the relative fixation time, viewing time is measured without the knowledge of the subject while rating stimuli [ 73].
One of the major advantages of the mCherry-actin and dextran labeling assays is that particle uptake can be measured without fixing the cells.
With the Knoop test, however, the hardness of extremely brittle materials including glass and even diamonds can be measured without harming either the indenter or the test piece.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com