The same observation has been made for evolutionary rates, leading to local molecular clock [ 48] or auto-correlated relaxed molecular clock models [ 49].
Thus, as shown in Fig. 2, a clear case of common ancestry (and thus homology) can be made for the following evolutionary trajectories showing homoplasy.
A greater sampling of this gene's presence in other animal, fungal, and bacterial species, as well as biochemical studies to determine the conserved catalytic residues for the protein, are needed before ordinal-level hypotheses can be made for the enzyme's evolutionary history.
However, arguments can be made for all three of the main evolutionary conditions for copy retention – beneficial increased production, subfunctionalisation or neofunctionalisation [ 58].
Arguments can be made for vegetarianism -- Buddhism makes them -- but the evolutionary argument isn't one of them.
Nonetheless, even with limited intron information, interesting evolutionary observations have been made for the Saccharomycotina subphylum.
Similar assumptions were made, for example, by Price et al. (2004) to derive the evolutionary tree for Alu repeat elements.
Whereas some retrotransposed imprinted genes have been shown to play important roles in distinct biological processes, particularly in placentation,, our knowledge about the biological roles of imprinted microRNAs and snoRNAs is still too limited for evolutionary predictions to be made.
That's made life difficult for evolutionary biologists.
In addition, and especially if the crosses will be carried out at a hierarchical level greater than subpopulations (e.g., at the population level), such a consideration would have to consider the geographic scale at which the crosses were being made and the potential for evolutionary and/or adaptive divergence to exist between the populations.
We have taken the path of classical theoretical biology: if certain assumptions are made, what are the consequences for evolutionary dynamics.
