T. whipplei is present throughout the world, and specific genotypes often are linked to geographic sources.
In this system, emergence of parasitic disease was linked to geographic expansion, host switching, resurgence due to climate change, and newly recognized parasite species.
Two mutually exclusive gene clusters, B. thailandensis like flagellar gene cluster (BTFC) and Yersinia-like fimbrial gene cluster (YLF), have been linked to geographic origin and have been suggested for differentiating groups of B. pseudomallei (9 ).
During the 2003 SARS epidemic, conventional epidemiologic investigation, aided by viral sequencing analysis, identified viral genetic signatures that are linked to geographic and temporal clusters of infection (4, 10 – 15, 15 – 15 ).
One of the advantages of this approach is to highlight local effects that might be linked to specific geographic, social or environmental characteristics[ 15].
Small-area analysis allows for a greater level of disaggregation, thereby improving interpretation of results and detection of local effects that might be linked to specific geographic, social or environmental characteristics, while at the same time reducing ecological biases [ 18].
These defects could be linked to genetic factors that could explain the geographic distribution.
The geographic situation of Kabizo may be linked to the few reported deaths from violence.
One percent of records could not be linked to one or more of the 11 combinations due to missing geographic information, and these were excluded from all analyses.
These are often geographic (for example, forced labour is common in Thailand); they can be linked to specific commodities (see Verité's forced labour commodity atlas); and they result from the presence of labour migrants.
