Thus DNA elements are involved in genetically specifying centromere placement; however, some regional centromeres are associated with unique DNA sequences.
They represent an important source of genome variation, help determine individuals inherited traits and are involved in genetically inherited diseases [ 6].
Furthermore, this suggests that sex-dependent adaptation might be involved in the observed genetically-based phenotypic and transcriptomic variations of reproductive traits, supported by an increasing evidence of a role for sex differentiated effects in the architecture of complex traits [ 57].
In addition, says Emma Brown, a BIS spokeswoman, the word research "more accurately reflects the range of procedures that animals may be involved in, including the breeding of genetically modified animals".
The true functional significance of the partial gene loss between duplication regions in Z. mays is unknown, but it is generally thought to be involved in returning an ancient allotetraploid to a genetically diploid state.
Deregulated activity of the Hh signaling pathway has also been shown to be involved in the development of tumors which arise sporadically or in genetically predisposed individuals.
While both of these sodium channels are highly expressed in the neurons responsible for responding to pain, and have been demonstrated to be involved in neuropathic pain (Dib-Hajj et al., 2010), genetically suppressing these two channels in the pain-transmitting nerves does not affect the development of neuropathic pain.
Thus, functional heterogeneity exists in a culture of genetically identical cells being exposed to uniform culture conditions, indicating that stochastic events may be involved in exiting self-renewal.
Agrochemical giant Monsanto is involved in work to genetically engineer new versions of cowpea with the African Agricultural Technology Foundation, set up in part with US and UK aid money.
