β-Alanine is internalized by specific cells in order to synthesize carnosine for intracellular storage.
More recently, it was shown that ferritin can be taken up by Scara 5 (scavenger receptor 5) and donate iron to the developing kidney [ 71], whereas H-ferritin can be internalized by cells upon specific binding to TfR1 [ 72].
The potential mechanisms by which mitochondria could be internalized by cardiomyocytes were investigated using specific blockers based on their wide use and established selectivity (Ivanov, 2008).
To determine the potential mechanisms by which mitochondria could be internalized by cardiomyocytes, studies were performed using specific blockers based on their wide use and established selectivity [34].
Since the surface of many tumor cells over-expresses the folate receptor, while the surface of the normal cells exhibits only minimal expression, the folic acid functionalized PLL-BNNTs can be internalized by the tumor cells though the specific binding of the folic acid molecules present on the wall of the functionalized BNNTs with the surface folate receptors of the tumor cells.
However, although α-syn oligomers tend to induce membrane disruption and cell death, recent studies have shown that certain types of α-syn oligomers, produced in vitro under specific conditions, can be internalized by primary neuronal cells and neuronal cell lines, triggering the self-aggregation of soluble α-syn in healthy neurons [ 11, 55, 65].
Previously, pSn-specific antibodies were also shown to be internalized by primary macrophages, further indicating that Sn is a receptor with the capacity to internalize [5], [31].
Having shown that SWNTs could be internalized by immature DCs without affecting cellular viability, it was important to demonstrate that internalized SWNT peptide conjugates could induce peptide-specific immune responses.
The B-chain carries the lectin function and binds to specific sugar residues of the target cell surface, allowing ricin to be internalized by endocytosis [ 1].
In the glycan array, Blon_0375 was highly specific for globotriose (Gb3), a trisaccharide usually conjugated to ceramide, and it appeared to be internalized by a discrete population of Caco-2 cells.
