Provided that fluid access is initiated, for example along pre-existing fractures, the volume change due to hydration and carbonation can cause fracture formation and dilation, maintaining or increasing permeability and reactive surface energy in a positive feedback mechanism.
Finally, the damage to the immune system done by uncontrolled HIV replication before antiretroviral therapy is initiated, for example in altering T cell diversity in adults with limited thymic reserve for repopulating diverse naïve T cells [25] or reducing the number of regulatory T cells [26] [29], could result in persistent T cell dysregulation that is antigen-independent.
Trials have been initiated (for example, the DETECT Study) to determine the CTC status using both the antibody-based assay and the molecular-based approach to elucidate which assay provides more valid data in predicting therapy response and prognosis [ 26].
Oxidation of foods may be initiated enzymatically, for example, in vegetables post harvest, by catalysis by transition-metal ions, which can occur, for example, when using copper pans for frying, or by exposure to light, as happens with green plant oils.
A more structured and continuous exchange could, for example, be initiated with national ethics committees in countries where MSF has been present a long time and is repeatedly carrying out research activities.
While gridlock has prevented most attempts to modify the ACA, such restructuring could be initiated through relatively minor legislative moves — for example, by changing health savings account and ACA rules to allow people to purchase two policies, both from a physician cooperative and from a traditional insurance company in the form of catastrophic coverage.
Autophagy can be initiated by accumulation of damaged macromolecules, for example damaged mtDNA, during aging [24].
Once the activated integrins bind their ligands, outside-in signalling processes are initiated, orchestrating, for example the fine-tuning of the cytoskeleton required for firm adhesion under flow conditions, spreading as well as intraluminal and abluminal crawling, building of the phagocytic cap, and ROS production.
Multiple large-scale sequencing projects have been initiated worldwide; for example, the U.S. government's Million Veteran Program, the U.K. government's 100,000 Genomes Project and the AstraZeneca-led integrated genomics initiative for drug development and discovery.
