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Thus, the association between apo(a) isoforms and/or alleles of the SNP and PAD phenotypes is less likely to be influenced by reverse causation or confounding.
Results from this observational study may be influenced by reverse causation or confounded by factors associated with unmeasured disability at baseline, influencing both low levels of physical activity and increased risk of disability.
51 A Mendelian randomisation approach which is predicated on the demonstration that genetic variation is unrelated to potential confounders and will not be influenced by reverse causation can be used to determine the association between BMI and health outcomes.
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Thirdly and fourthly, to examine whether results were influenced by reverse causality we excluded the first two and four years of follow-up.
We performed a sensitivity analysis after exclusion of participants who reported incident diabetes < 6 years after the exposure measurements in order to reduce the potential that associations were influenced by reverse causality.
Therefore, we hypothesized that the accumulation of T cells in the bone marrow of aged animals may contribute to the skewing of hematopoiesis towards myelopoiesis, and that differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells is influenced by reverse signaling of CD137L.
Our results might also be influenced by the method of reverse transcription.
We only consider first admissions because higher order admission diagnoses might be influenced by the test outcome at first visit, and thus introduce problems of reverse causality.
First year post-unit students reversed the order of these factors and were more likely to be influenced by teaching in the Aboriginal health unit.
Reverse causation should be taken into account when exploring behavioral choices that may be influenced by health status.
The reverse is also true; decisions about new governance mechanisms do not seem to be influenced by research findings as often as they could or should be.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com