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Although very significant progress has been made in both structural analyses of many of the TLS pols and the range of damaged DNA substrates that these pols can bypass, in the majority of cases, the biological role of these enzymes can only be inferred by changes in efficiency and mutagenic rates of TLS in their absence.
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Experimental determination of fitness is difficult, but fitness can be inferred by measuring changes in allele frequencies in appropriate environments.
Relative change of perfusion can be inferred by our technique from visible vessel size changes.
The existence of sequence errors can also be inferred by examining the ratio of transitional versus transversional changes.
Because atoms are so minute, their properties must be inferred by indirect experimental techniques.
Experimentally, the ability to change set was inferred by measuring the change in amplitude of automatic muscle responses in standing subjects in two different conditions: when either the direction of a surface perturbation (i.e., from backward to toe-up, sensorimotor set) or the instructions (give versus resist, cognitive set) delivered to the subject were changed.
These regions were inferred by locating extreme changes in coverage (defined as one standard deviation below the average) combined with clusters of mutations concentrated in small regions.
Persistent changes were inferred by pair-wise comparisons of 0.1 ha plots of mature forests with carefully matched 0.1 ha plots in stands established after clear-cutting 30 50 years earlier.
Changes are inferred by comment, targeted with @mentions, and triaged by a meritocracy of ideas, political sophistication, and deadlines.
The mechanisms of copy number change were inferred by investigating the copy number (qPCR) of one or more genes within the CNV with the pattern of allele distribution of MS markers adjoining and overlapping CNV regions.
Local and global climate changes have been inferred by studying the biogeographic extent of rudist dominated ecosystems at certain times.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com