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The regulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a fast and selective phenomenon and dramatic changes in blood flow or volume can be induced within a short period of time (seconds or minutes) regarding specific or regional brain areas either in normal [59] or abnormal (e.g., epilepsy) [60] physiologic conditions.
Phenotypic plasticity, which is the capacity of a single genotype to exhibit variable phenotypes in different environments, allows adaptive traits to be induced within a single generation (Schlichting and Pigliucci 1998).
Since rabbits achieve skeletal maturity at approximately 6 months of age, show significant intracortical remodeling [ 4, 5], and have faster bone turnover than other rodents, even than primates, a significant bone loss can be induced within a short period of time [ 4– 7], and their size renders the insertion of conventional implants easily [ 8].
It is not clear from the present study whether the infusion of adenosine actually induced the transcription and translation of VEGF ; however, it is known that both VEGF mRNA and protein can be induced within a one hour period of time.
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Regeneration originates from putative stem cells residing in the ductal compartment from which complete recovery is induced within a week after ductal obstruction [5] [7].
Acute albuminuria is induced within a day, and is accompanied by a rapidly developing focal glomerulosclerosis at day 21.
This raises the possibility that a mechanism by which metastases are induced within a cell population could be via intercellular communication by exosomes containing specific miRNAs.
Moreover, macrophage infiltration, T-cell infiltration, and urinary albumin excretion, namely, renal tubular dysfunction, are induced within a week after administration.
GP locus was induced within a local haplotype that is shared with Morex (i.e. the gene lies within a region of identity by descent or state between both parents).
The upregulated components were identified by querying the whole microarray dataset at an arbitrary threshold of log2 ≥ 1.8 (p < 0.05), revealing a total of 2,604 unique genes that were induced within a duration of at least two consecutive time points.
IL-6 mRNA expression was induced within a few hours by TNF-α, and induction increased continuously for 72-96 h despite the absence of any further exogenous TNF-α stimulation.
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