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One explanation for the development of drug resistance (and resistance to radiation as well) is that apoptosis cannot be induced in certain cancer cells.
Telomere shortening is counteracted by telomerase, which adds telomeric repeats to the chromosomes' ends and is expressed in germline cells, but can also be induced in certain somatic cells such as activated lymphocytes [3] [6].
Thus, the 40 µM ZnCl2 required for aggregation of hu3S193 Fab in solution indicates that in vivo aggregation should not occur in the blood plasma, but would possibly be induced in certain tissue or cellular compartments where Zn2+ ions can be at significantly higher concentrations.
The expression of K19 may be induced in certain epithelia that normally lack this keratin by pathological alterations.
The fact that we found an increased frequency of thyroid and gastric parietal cell antibodies in our patients suggests similarity to a model of autoimmune ovarian failure that can be induced in certain strains of mice by performing neonatal thymectomy.
It has been suggested that CA IX may serve as a biomarker in early stages of tumorigenesis; now it is turning out to be induced in certain tumours by hypoxia, which is connected with poor prognosis (Chia et al, 2001; Giatromanolaki et al, 2001; Koukorakis et al, 2001).
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In collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) [ 7], a model in which arthritis is induced in certain susceptible mouse strains by injecting collagen type II (CII) in complete Freund's adjuvant, the antibodies directed to CII epitopes exposed on the cartilage surface in the joints have a crucial role in pathogenesis [ 8, 9].
In mammals, nestin expression is induced in certain tumors as well as in regenerating skeletal muscles [ 25, 26].
The SFTSV infection in the established C57BL/6 mouse model could mimic major pathological changes of clinical infection in patients; however, lethal infection has only been induced in certain strains of newborn mice but not in adult rodent models.
Because PGC-1α is induced in certain tissues by fasting or DR (Lehman et al., 2000), the PGC-1α/NRF-2 pathway may underlie the upregulation of SIRT3 and other mitochondrial genes in DR. The overlap in pathways affected by NRF-2 and SIRT3 supports this idea.
Since microglial dystrophy can be induced in animals under certain conditions as shown here, it seems possible through continued animal experimentation to uncover what kind of external factors are most effective in terms of promoting microglial exhaustion and influencing dystrophy development.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com