Although the precise mechanism is not clear, our data suggest that a different kind of cell death, possibly apoptosis, is induced in addition to the radiation-induced cell death.
Fig. 9A shows that indeed the chance of β cell reprogramming is increased when Pax4+ is induced in addition to Pdx1+, Ngn3+ and MafA+.
At the medium dose of nitrate, PPARα expression was induced in addition to PPARβ/δ and this resulted in increased palmitoyl-carnitine respiration and C-palmitate oxidation, alongside a larger decrease in total long-chain FAs.
Undifferentiated mES cells do not express Olig2 as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (Figure 3A) but can be induced, in defined conditions, upon addition of FGF2 or with combinatorial application of FGF2, retinoic acid and Shh during directed differentiation of mES cells to motor neurons (Figure 3A) [35], [35].
These defects can be induced in control cells by addition of sphingomyelin and, conversely, they can be reverted in ASM-deficient cells by lowering the levels of sphingomyelin.
To interrogate these mutants, polymerization can be induced in vitro by the addition of chemical denaturant or at elevated temperatures [ 6, 8], and the production of oligomers followed by non-denaturing PAGE or spectroscopic methods such as ANS binding, tryptophan fluorescence, CD and FRET [ 25, 28, 36].
In addition, Foxp3 can be induced in T cells with effector, rather than regulatory functions 19, 20.
Thus, protein reactions could be induced in different ways, including changes in pH, addition or exchange of ligands, or small molecules.
Acute colitis was induced in mice by addition of 3.5% (w/w) DSS (MW 36,000 50,000; MP Biomedicals United States, Solon, OH) in their drinking water for the duration of the study, whereas one control group (n=8) received regular tap water at the same time.
Acute colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by addition of 4 6% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) (MP Biomedicals, Eschwege, Germany) to drinking water for a period of 8 days, according to a protocol recently described by Grabig et al. [22].
