The initial step of both forms of NHEJ is the formation of one or more DNA double-strand breaks, which may arise spontaneously or be induced, for example, by ionizing radiation or errors during DNA replication.
Nuclear translocation of SRPK1 can be induced, for example, by stress conditions, and involves disruption of its binding to a cytoplasmic Hsp70/Hsp90 complex [ 28].
In all of these models, however, hardly any spontaneous bleedings into joints are seen [ 22] and, therefore, they need to be induced, for example, by blunt trauma [ 23].
In this model, a high rate of cartilage degradation can be induced, for example, by the combination of TNF-α and oncostatin M, which induce cartilage degradation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.
Similarly to what has been shown in vivo, several BC cell lines that are positive for steroid hormone receptor can be induced (for example by mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens and progestins but not by oestrogens) to produce PSA [ 11, 24], even if not all of these cell lines can constitutively produce PSA [ 25].
In the last several years, heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair was shown to play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis after DNA damage is induced, for example by ionizing radiation.
Brain tissue PCSK9 expression is increased with cerebral ischemia [ 88] and in brain tissue with signs of neuronal apoptosis [ 19], the latter being induced for example by increased oxLDL-C concentrations [ 176].
However, when RpoE is induced, for example, in the absence of the antisigma factor RseA or in the absence of Hfq, most LPS species are represented by glycoform V, which contains EptB-dependent P-EtN on the second Kdo [ 25].
Yeast proliferates fast in a glucose-rich environment, wherein low-affinity transporters are expressed (for example, the cell-cycle-regulated HXT2 gene), but the cell cycle slows down markedly after glucose depletion, upon which high-affinity transporters are induced (for example, the cell-cycle-regulated HXT7 gene; Ozcan & Johnston, 1999).
NF-κB activation can be induced by, for example, cytokines or DNA damage, which lead to LUBAC-mediated ubiquitination of NEMO with linear ubiquitin chains (Tokunaga et al, 2009; Niu et al, 2011).
As has already been introduced, certain polymeric systems, by virtue of their molecular composition, possess inherent means of ordering; however, different organizational methods of polymeric materials can be induced by, for example, the formation of colloidal polymer particles which themselves form assemblies out of solution via secondary interactions.
