By contrast, the type 3 enzyme (D3) catalyzes removal of an inner ring iodine from T4 or T3 to generate the inactive metabolites rT3 or 3,3′-diiodothyronine. D3 expression is induced by thyroid hormone, thus limiting the supply of T3 in conditions of thyroid hormone excess (52).
Metamorphosis in ascidians can be induced by application of thyroid hormones.
Physiological hypertrophy can be induced by exercise or by increased thyroid hormone action.
It is intriguing to speculate that in these thyroid conditions, a specific immune response to still undefined aberrant proteins may be induced by radiation damages.
To evaluate if a change in hemostatic capacity or thyroid hormones was induced by training and/or exercise, the differences in parameters across the states were calculated (i.e. trained 4 months compared to untrained; and trained 4 months + 68 km run compared to trained 4 months).
"We hope to look for unknown types of gene mutations, other than those known to be associated with the generation of thyroid gland cancer, to study if they could serve as markers for determining if the cancers were induced by radiation," said Shinichi Suzuki, a professor of thyroid gland surgery at the university.
This is the case, for example, with ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis, particularly Goodpasture syndrome with its characteristic circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies [41], and with Graves Basedow disease, which is induced by anti-TSH receptor antibodies, in which thyroid crisis is the initial presentation [42, 43].
PGC-1α is induced by mitochondrial biogenesis-inducing stimuli such as thyroid hormone treatment, as well as contractile activity in vivo and in vitro in skeletal muscle [8], [9], [10].
These results suggest that thyrotoxicosis, which was induced by sunitinib itself, would be one of the mechanisms that result in thyroid atrophy.
