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Experiments and numerical modeling suggest that charge balance and electroluminescence efficiency potentially can be improved in electron injection-limited OLED architectures via substrate geometry.
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The model was built using electron and difference density maps and the geometry was improved in COOT [ 32], before refinement in REFMAC5 [ 33].
In the same way, it is hypothesized that by locating bulky alkyl groups on the electron rich part of the NFA molecule, charge transfer may be improved by improved registry with the electron deficient parts of the polymer.
Charge collection can be improved with a better built-in potential or additional hole/electron conduction layers at the anode/cathode side.
Results of voltammetric analysis showed the formal potential of Ni(OH 2/NiOOH transition at +0.6 V (vs. Hg/HgO, pH 11) at which the current profile was improved by electron transfers of NH3 in the electrolyte.
In consequence, the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron hole pairs in BiVO4/TiO2(NTs NTs heterojunction could be improved.
However, the in vitro function of mitochondria is improved, with a disproportionate increase in electron transfer chain activity following intervention.
The electron collecting efficiency was improved significantly, resulting in high open circuit voltage.
In other words, the charge transport and electron extraction are improved.
By introducing an electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group into 36, its pharmacokinetic and metabolic properties were improved (Tables S4 and S5 in the Supporting Information).
Over the past 5 years, thanks to advances in both instrumentation and computational speed, three-dimensional imaging techniques using the electron microscope have been greatly improved in two areas: electron tomography of cell organelles or cell sections and reconstruction of macromolecules from single particles.
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