The lamina is implicated in regulatory processes involving chromatin.
Many noncoding RNAs have been implicated in regulatory networks that are determinant for skeletal muscle differentiation and disease.
CcnE2 (Cyclin E2) plays a role in promoting S-phase entry from quiescence, and has also been implicated in regulatory pathways promoting liver regeneration and fibrogenesis.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory cytokine that also has been implicated in regulatory T-cell differentiation.
Whether nuclear compartments in general fill a regulatory role remains an open question but our analyses lend significant support to the idea that PML bodies and chromatin are implicated in regulatory processes.
ADARs have also been implicated in regulatory pathway roles, with suggested functions for A-to-I editing in RNAi antagonists [ 7], in pro- or antiviral mechanisms [ 8], and in the silencing of transposons and related sequences [ 9].
In this regard, molecules of thiamine or its derivatives bind to the mRNA in the absence of cofactors or proteins in the three domains of life, forming a complex that sequesters the ribosome binding site and suggesting the existence of an ancestral form of riboswitches, which have been implicated in regulatory mechanisms [ 47].
The low-affinity transporters Pho87 and Pho90 are >60% identical (based on the amino-acid sequence) and have been implicated in regulatory functions that go beyond the uptake of phosphate from the environment (Auesukaree et al, 2003; Giots et al, 2003; Pinson et al, 2004; Hürlimann et al, 2007).
However, they also appear to be important specifically during oogenesis and embryogenesis and may be implicated in transferring gene regulatory states from one generation to the next, being regarded as candidate genes in epigenetic processes [ 139], with possible involvement in transgenerational effects in relation to environmental heterogeneity.
