In fungi, several CYPs have been implicated in pathogen virulence because they neutralize antifungal compounds produced by hosts [ 5- 7].
These proteins are implicated in pathogen recognition, particularly recognition of pathogen-related lipids and involved in innate immunity and lipid metabolism [ 20].
WRKY-type transcription factors have previously been implicated in pathogen response pathways in grapes [ 46, 47], and given that berries are most likely to suffer from fungal attack during late ripening stages, the highly regulated expression patterns reported here could be a further indication that some WRKY-type transcription factors are activated in response to biotic stress.
Non-host resistance is the outcome of a heterogeneous set of genes, and the proteins they specify, that are implicated in pathogen accessibility/inaccessibility (i.e. lipase-like EDS1, synthaxin-like PEN1, etc)., cytoskeletal rearrangements and protein turnover (i.e. SGT1), PAMP-triggered responses, and synthesis of toxic metabolites [ 30- 32].
Such dispensable chromosomes have been implicated in pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, such as in Alternaria spp. where they encode biosynthetic genes for host-selective toxins that determine the ability to infect particular plant hosts [ 27, 28].
In this study, high expression of BrWLIM2c gene against pathogen infection is tempting to speculate that BrLIM protein may also be implicated in the perception of pathogen resistance mechanism.
The RAR1 protein contains two highly similar but distinct cysteine- and histidine-rich (CHORD) Zn2+-binding domains and was proposed to play a role in stabilizing R proteins in a confirmation that is implicated in receiving pathogen signals [ 9].
Protein degradation is implicated in mediating plant-pathogen interactions as well as in many other processes [ 48- 51].
The bHLH and WRKY family members are implicated in responses to pathogens, metal ions, JA and SA (Additional file 6).
Both D. melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae (AgDscam) also express Dscam in hemocytes, where isoform diversity has been implicated in opsonizing invading pathogens (Watson et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2006).
