As for palm oil and palm kernel oil, he says, "both are implicated in insulin resistance," and "both tend to raise total and LDL, or 'bad,' cholesterol, thereby contributing to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease".
Increased expression of p85α has been implicated in insulin resistance as knockout of p85α improves insulin sensitivity in vitro [22] and in vivo [23].
In addition to PALD, a number of the confirmed screen hits have not previously been implicated in insulin signaling and are therefore putative novel inhibitors of insulin signaling.
While oxidative stress accumulates in adipose tissue and has been implicated in insulin resistance [31], the inherent mechanisms linking oxidative damage to adipose tissue dysfunction remain unknown.
DOK2 has also been implicated in insulin signaling by virtue of its similarity to IRS family members [20]; we now provide functional evidence for a role for DOK2 as an inhibitor of insulin action.
Previous studies suggested other pathways such as the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the stress activated protein kinase JNK, which are implicated in insulin induced IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and insulin resistance [28], [29].
Members of two distinct phosphatase families, the receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPR) family (e.g. PTPRE and PTPRA) and the dual specificity phosphatase (DUSP) family (e.g. DUSP1, 4, 6, 7, and 10, these are also known as MAP kinase phosphatases, MKPs), were prominent among our hits and certain family members have previously been implicated in insulin signaling.
