To gain further insights into the mechanisms involved in carbohydrate surfactant-mediated apoptosis, we investigated the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), an early facet in apoptosis that has been implicated in initiating the intrinsic pathway [38].
Down regulation of Foxn1 has also been implicated in initiating thymic involution [19].
Angiopoetin 2 has been implicated in initiating endothelial apoptosis by Tie2 receptor in this setting [31], [32], [33].
Endolysosome dysfunction has been implicated in initiating stress pathways that lead to cellular dysfunction and death (Roberg and Ollinger, 1998; Turk et al., 2002; Guicciardi et al., 2004; Kroemer and Jaattela, 2005; Kurz et al., 2008).
Th17 cells have been implicated in initiating inflammation in numerous autoimmune diseases.
Vascular DCs have been implicated in initiating and sustaining mural inflammation.
In particular, p38 MAPK has a multifaceted role in CD4 T cells that have been implicated in initiating and driving sustained inflammation in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic vasculitis.
The ACC is implicated in initiating or inhibiting action and is considered to be part of a larger network that includes medial/lateral frontal, prefrontal and temporal regions (Wang et al. 2005; Dias et al. 2006; Gold et al. 2006).
M Φ, one of the major targets of HIV-1, might contribute to this process, as the pathologies of many diseases are often associated with changes in the balance between M1-M Φ, which are implicated in initiating and sustaining inflammation, and M2-M Φ, which are involved in the resolution of chronic inflammation.
Epigenetic events caused by unknown neuro-toxins have been implicated in initiating malfunction and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and many have speculated that environmental contaminants such as XEs are linked to the increasing incidence of neurologic diseases and disorders (Colborn 2004; Prasad et al. 1999).
