Moreover, relevant to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, in vitro exposure of isolated rat brain mitochondria to reactive dopamine quinone induced a rapid loss of mitofilin protein content (van Laar et al. 2008), suggesting that sulfenation of mitofilin, altering the protein's function, could be implicated in age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
This discrepancy between observed (genotypic) and estimated (phenotypic) prevalence could be due to the existence of non-pathological or low penetrance alleles, which may result in late-onset arSTGD or may be implicated in age-related macular degeneration.
Such modulations or defects in neurogenesis might be implicated in age-related cognitive impairments, in neurodegenerative diseases or in neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression (Couillard-Despres et al., 2009; Drapeau et al., 2003; Kandasamy et al., 2010; Mirescu and Gould, 2006).
Klotho is a single-pass transmembrane protein, which appears to be implicated in aging.
18 Therefore, overexpression of Wnt proteins may be one of the pathogenic factors to be implicated in aging, and klotho is a secreted Wnt antagonist.
Obviously, the 37 biomarkers measured here represent a tiny fraction of the molecules and systems likely to be implicated in aging (Medvedev, 1990; Kirkwood, 2011).
Oxidative stress may be implicated in aging, carcinogenesis, and other degenerative diseases, and the analysis of urinary excretion of 8-OHdG is a useful approach to assess individual cancer risk due to oxidative stress (Kasai 1997).
Indeed, a decrease in ribosome gene expression has been implicated in age- and AD-related changes (Payão et al., 1998), and a decreased rate of protein synthesis has been reported in aged mitochondria (Hudson et al., 1998).
Oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD).
Reduced telomere length, or its accelerated attrition, has been implicated in aging, mortality, and several human diseases, including respiratory diseases.
Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been implicated in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, stroke, ischemia/reperfusion injury, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cancer.
