However, the observed rates of the various phenotypes within the Registry may have been impacted by selection bias; e.g., more attenuated phenotypes could be underrepresented due to preferential identification and enrollment of patients with more severe clinical presentations.
To evaluate the degree to which genetic diversity throughout the genome has been impacted by selection, we further quantified variation in nucleotide diversity, linkage disequilibrium (LD) and haplotype block structure for the two populations.
Specifically, we aimed to determine (i) the extent to which the genetic diversity throughout the genome has been impacted by selection, (ii) the regions of the genome that have been affected by selection during soybean improvement, and (iii) whether our candidate regions are truly enriched for genes affected by selection of traits targeted by breeding.
The porB gene and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, on the other hand, are more likely to be impacted by diversifying selection and directional selection, respectively.
3) Household size greater than 3 was associated with an increased risk of at least one secondary case in the household, though this effect was statistically significant only in the univariate analysis and could be impacted by a selection bias.
Such concordance indicates that multiple genes are impacted by common selection pressures, and raises the possibility that molecular changes at one sensory gene will have direct consequences for genes controlling the same or other sensory modalities, perhaps via trade-offs (see [22]).
In total, 4.38% of the annotated genes were impacted by artificial selection for agricultural traits.
Deciphering if hexamerins are impacted by insecticide selection because of their ability to bind insecticides, their interaction with cuticle homeostasis or their role in resources re-allocation associated to fitness costs remains unclear.
Genome reduction is impacted by relaxed selection and loss of DNA repair and recombination mechanisms that contribute to the high mutation rate observed in these tiny genomes (Moran 1996).
On the other hand, studies based on claims data cover entire patient and provider populations without being impacted by the frequent selection bias in field studies.
Therefore, the rates and types of mutations identified by whole genome sequencing of mutants likely approximate the true mutagenic spectrum for survivors of 4-NQO mutagenesis in A. nidulans, whereas the historical data are impacted by the constraints of phenotypic selection at the specific loci studied.
