Although this observation is consistent with purifying selection both removing diversity and constraining divergence at functional elements, such a pattern could also be generated by variation in the spontaneous mutation rate.
Structural diversity is generated by variations in the composition of the backbone, preferably at amino acid positions 1 and 3, and by different glycosylation, methylation, and chlorination patterns.
In the landscape with low soil fertility due to phosphorous (P) limitation, spatial turnover was generated by variation in past and present dispersal processes.
Overdispersion is the most common form of frequency distribution of parasitic communities in nature [ 33] and is generated by variation between individual hosts in their exposure to parasite infective stages and by differences in their susceptibility after an infectious parasite has been encountered [ 34].
In principle, multiallelic CNV is subject to the same population genetic forces as other variation, being generated by mutation, maintained by balancing selection or removed by directional selection or genetic drift.
Decorative patterns may be generated by regular variations in the fiber crossings.
A high frequency of recombination may be expected to obscure single locus segregation when testing fusibility between progeny populations involving wild-type animals as was once reported (Grosberg et al. 1996).The small map distance documented in the congenic line might, for example, be generated by structural variation between haplotypes.
Differences in floral phenotype can be generated by allelic variation at sometimes only one or a few loci [ 8- 10], yet it has been shown that more "emergent" floral novelties (i.e., not predictable from the parents' phenotypes) can also originate via other processes such as polyploidy [ 11- 14] or hybridisation between sympatric taxa [ 15].
The latter effect is expected to be generated by PA-induced temperature variations, flow variations in the VUT or patient movement during the measurement.
As discussed above, employment rates are also plausibly influenced by labor market policy: in columns 2 and 3, the coefficient of inequality is barely affected by inclusion of the employment rate; the latter's positive partial association with total productivity may be generated by labor policy variation, or perhaps by labor supply reactions to exogenous productivity variation.
