The population evolves for a fixed time period, during which allele 2 can be generated by mutation and go to fixation.
Finally, most haplotypes will be generated by mutation from haplotypes closely related to them, such that in the asymptotic limit of an infinitely large population size, the great majority of the influx by mutation will still originate from very closely related haplotypes.
Subsequently, 5' and 3' splice sites could be generated by mutations or the insertions of a retronuon (a nuon is any definable nucleic acid sequence) carrying such potential splice sites such as Alu sequences [33].
Therefore, they suggested that the p53 sites with the CATG core motif could be generated by mutations, namely, through methylation and deamination of CpG [ 36].
In the model, the population initially consists of one individual carrying allele 1 and N - 1 individuals carrying allele 0. So long as allele 1 is present, allele 2 can be generated by mutations.
The variation upon which natural selection acts is generated by mutation, and it is certainly the case that these accidents of inheritance occur randomly with respect to any consequences that they may have.
In this first model, we assume that all CML cells are susceptible to the drug and that no drug resistance is generated by mutation.
Constructs encoding catalytically inactive PDE4D variants were generated by mutation of a critical histidine residue in the catalytic site of PDE4D to alanine (His326 in PDE4D3).
In principle, multiallelic CNV is subject to the same population genetic forces as other variation, being generated by mutation, maintained by balancing selection or removed by directional selection or genetic drift.
Whether the genetic basis of the cancer cell's phenotype is generated by mutation or by infection, the extended phenotype includes effects on extracellular components, as well as on normal, cancerous, and precancerous cells in the microenvironment.
The ancestral allele is the allele inherited from the common ancestor of human and chimpanzee, while the derived allele is the allele that has been generated by mutation of the ancestral allele within human populations since the divergence from the common ancestor.
