Dividends, meanwhile, currently cost $6.6bn, which is hardly a trivial sum, but can be funded by increasing borrowings.
It could be funded by increasing tuition fees for those who can afford it, or by removing the regressive subsidy on student loans, or both.
This will be funded by increasing national insurance on those earning more than £50,000 a year and increasing corporation tax by 2.5%, or by slowing the pace of deficit reduction.
A Labour government would bring back maintenance grants for the poorest university students and restore an abolished financial support allowance, to be funded by increasing taxes on companies, the shadow education secretary, Angela Rayner, has pledged.
This proposal, accompanied by a proposed extension to the Kilpatrick Turnpike in Oklahoma City, was to be funded by increasing tolls by 10 percent statewide in 1999.
This will be funded by tax increases from 2010, when the economy is forecast to recover.
The second is a set of "procedural" rules, such as a cap on public-sector pay growth or as in Hungary now and America until 2002 a "pay-go" rule that says new spending schemes have to be funded by tax increases or cuts in other programmes.Monitoring by an independent and authoritative body, which is needed to keep governments honest, is the third element.
The Welsh government's share of the cost will partly be funded by the increased revenue from more passengers who are expected to use the new electrified routes.
The periphery banks need their recapitalization to be funded by the state, which increases national debt.
