Gradients were fractionated by a Piston Gradient Fractionator (BioComp).
Silicon stable isotopes are fractionated by a host of low-temperature aqueous processes, making them potentially useful as a weathering proxy.
Two PPS samples with 〈MW〉 = 44 K and 〈MW〉 = 64 K were fractionated by a process which selectively removes a portion of the low molecular weight species yielding fractionated PPS samples with 〈MW〉 = 56 K and 〈MW〉 = 104 K respectively.
RNA products were fractionated by a denaturing (7 M urea) 6 to 20% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; 19∶1 ratio of acrylamide to bisacrylamide) using 45 mM Tris-borate, pH 7.5/1 mM EDTA solution as running buffer.
Equal amounts (2 µg) of His6-tagged PGK and its individual truncations were fractionated by a 5 15% linear gradient SDS-PAGE before transfer onto a nitrocellulose membrane for 45 min at 10 V according to the conditions described by Killiny et al [15].
The LC program included a 5-min linear gradient from buffer A (50% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid) to buffer B (99.9% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid), a constant elution in buffer B for 10 min, followed by a linear gradient return to buffer A in 5 min. Samples were fractionated by a 2.1×50 mm Eclipse Plus-C18 column (Agilent) with a flow rate of 0.5 ml min−1.
To analyse the compartmentalisation of small RNA in milk, tammar milk was fractionated by a series of ultracentrifugation steps followed by filtering as described in methods.
The venom was fractionated by a single chromatographic step in RP-HPLC on a C8 Discovery BIO Wide Pore, showing high degree of molecular homogeneity with molecular mass of 47035.49 Da.
Thus, to further demonstrate a process of mitochondrial elimination in those cells, lysosomes and mitochondria isolated from the Atg5 WT or KO MEFs were fractionated by a density gradient.
Along with the prestained broad-range molecular mass standards (Bio-Rad), samples were fractionated by a 4% stacking and 10% SDS-PAGE mini gel (Bio-Rad, Mississauga, ON) and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane by electroblotting at 200 mA in a buffer comprising 25 mM Tris-HCl, 192 mM glycine, 0.04% SDS and 20% ethanol.
