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A second example of bacterial CE peptidases can be found in pathogenic Chlamydiae.
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Despite T6SSs being found in pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria, this system has been shown to be essential for pathogenicity in many animal pathogens [ 58, 59].
Two copies of pilC (pilC1 and pilC2) are found in pathogenic Neisseria species.
Quorum-sensing systems have been found in pathogenic bacteria of plants, animals, and humans [ 5].
While ManLAMs are found in pathogenic species, LAM capped with phosphoinositol (so-called PILAMs) are typically found in non-pathogenic species such as Mycobacterium smegmatis[ 14].
Most of these systems have been found in pathogenic E. coli strains (Pruitt et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2008).
Different types of toxins are found in pathogenic V. cholerae and V. vulnificus, as well as in non-pathogenic A. fischeri.
However, these molecules cannot exclusively be responsible for amoebic virulence, because they are found in pathogenic as well as in non-pathogenic E. histolytica isolates.
Differential expansion of gene families involved in host cell wall degradation, transport functions, and melanin biosynthesis has been found in pathogenic fungal lineages [ 35].
To confirm the absence of critical virulence associated genes (i.e. inlA, inlB, inlC and the prfA cluster) in genomes where these genes were not found, we resequenced the regions where these genes are found in pathogenic strains.
Most T4SSs in that category are found in pathogenic bacteria where they play important roles in virulence such as establishing pathogen host interaction and/or transferring toxic effector proteins or protein complexes into the cytoplasm of the host cell.
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