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Local extinctions were most common on isolated colonies, and older and more isolated colonies were more likely to be extirpated by human activity.
That is to say, can all the fish which naturally inhabit a given area be extirpated by the agency of man?" The answer, Huxley decided, was a qualified no.
All of the island's partulids were thought to be extirpated by 1987, with five species persisting in zoos, but intensive field surveys have recently detected a number of surviving wild populations.
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Just five (9%) of these 53 species were extirpated by Post-I, but this increased to 11 extirpated species (21%) by Post-II (Figure 2; Table S1).
Common murres had been extirpated by gillnets and oil spills.
In North America and Europe, grey wolves Canis lupus (top predator) were extirpated by humans from parts of their historical range, resulting in the formation of new range boundaries (Fig. 2).
Wildlife populations were undoubtedly affected by the environmental changes of the late nineteenth century but with one partial exception, the Masked Bobwhite Quail (Sayre 2002), none were extirpated by grazing impacts.
Although there still are rare sightings of right whales off, say, the coast of Norway and Iceland, some scientists think that population had been extirpated by whaling, leaving only a remnant population along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. and Canada.
And pronghorn, once numerous in California, were extirpated by the end of the 1800s.
In South Australia, koalas were extirpated by 1920 and subsequently re-introduced.
The deer population, which was extirpated by 1895, has rebounded since re-introduction by park ranger Arthur Woody during the 1930s.
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