Hence, adiponectin receptors are found to be expressed on breast ([ 62, 63], Table 1), colon [ 64], and prostate [ 55] carcinoma cells.
Functional leptin receptors are found to be expressed on diverse cancer cells derived from different tissues such as breast, colon or prostate [ 26- 30].
Although CD133 previously has not been reported to be expressed on breast cancer stem cells, this marker is expressed on a variety of other human cancer stem cells, including those of the brain, prostate, and pancreas.
Neutral endopeptidase is expressed on benign prostate epithelial cells but dramatically downregulated in metastatic human PC (Papandreou et al, 1998), and contributes to the transition of hormonally regulated androgen-dependent to independent PC (Papandreou et al, 1998) both via enzymatic activity and by nonenzymatic signalling interactions (Papandreou et al, 1998; Sumitomo et al, 2000).
To minimize the systemic toxicity prevalent to chemotherapeutics, we designed a novel anticancer drug-encapsulating liposome conjugated with an RNA aptamer specific to the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells.
The Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (TA) is expressed on human breast and prostate carcinoma cell lines and serves as a ligand for galectin-3 expressed on endothelium, leading to increased tumor cell adhesion [ 97- 99].
Dimitroff et al. [10] reported that both E-selectin binding forms of PSGL-1 and ESL-1 are expressed on the human bone-metastatic prostate tumor MDA PCa 2b cell line, suggesting that these molecules may serve as E-selectin ligands in mediating tumor cell adhesion to or migration across endothelium.
CD74 is expressed on various cancer cells, i.e. prostate cancer cells, B lymphomas, or gastric carcinomas [ 24- 26], but its expression in breast cancer has not been studied.
More importantly, elevated levels of folate receptors are expressed on epithelial tumors of various organs such as colon, lung, prostate, ovaries, mammary glands, and brain [23, 24].
The aggressiveness of prostate cancer can be expressed by prostate cancer stage and grade of the prostate tumor.
