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The variability of CARE score could only partly be explained by clustering effect of doctors: estimated variance component of the between doctor random effect were 5.86 with an intraclass-correlation of 0.11.
Routinely, multi-level analyses should be considered, as brothers and sisters within the same family are statistically dependent on each other, meaning that effects of parental CMC on problem behavior in offspring could be explained by clustering within families (Snijders and Bosker 1999).
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Then, to examine whether any variation was explained by clustering of patients from certain groups in hospitals with lower or higher than average performance, we constructed a mixed-effects model, augmenting model 2 with a random effect (intercept) for hospital of treatment (model 3).
Adjusting for covariates leads, in general, to smaller ICCs, as some of the between cluster variation may be explained by cluster level factors [ 18].
If part of the variation can be explained by cluster characteristics, a meta-regression – assuming partial exchangeability – of the concordance probability estimates with cluster characteristics as covariates is preferable.
Of these interactions, only the positive interaction between ozone (oxidative stress) and UV radiation may not be explained by the clustering of the stress responses.
Because the pioneer species recorded in the fragments - including both short- and long-lived pioneers - belong to 16 orders and eight superordinal clades (sensu APG II [75]), the patterns documented here cannot be explained by phylogenetic clustering among pioneers.
This indicates that the increased risk of PPH among those who intended a hospital birth cannot be explained by uncontrolled clustering effects.
For example, the adult health impact of childhood residential instability might be explained by the clustering of other childhood adversities [ 58].
On the other hand, the variable levels of homogenization of NTSs I and II (and consequently of both 5S rDNA classes) could be explained by the clustering of each class in distinct genomic environments under constraint from different evolutionary forces.
The over-representation of SNPs in repetitive sequences can be explained by errors in clustering paralogous repetitive sequences, as wel as by the 1.8 times higher SNP density in periodic DNA, which is observed in humans [ 32].
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