In practice, however, CSI has to be estimated using a channel estimator and it is never perfect.
The decay parameter τ embodies the extent of the reverberation, and can be estimated using a maximum likelihood estimator.
The parameter (hat {theta }_{t}=hat {theta }_{t}left (x^{t-1}right)) can be estimated using a maximum likelihood estimator [20,24].
Similarly, the baseline hazard can be estimated using a weighted version of the standard Breslow estimator, allowing estimation of absolute risks.
In practical applications, usually the target direction is unknown and needs to be estimated using a source localization algorithm [39, 40] so that estimation errors must be expected.
The yield can be estimated using a response factor (substrate 1)/(product 2) = 12.535.
Rodriguez's production with Toledo can be estimated using a series of formulas known as Minor League Equivalencies.
The sound transit time can also be estimated using a discrete method — by drawing a picture.
Furthermore, the coating depth can be estimated using a simple analytical equation.
Recently, it has been suggested that vascular reactivity can also be estimated using a resting state scan.
The results show that, there is an optimum bead spacing for each panel containing more than one bead which can be estimated using a simple equation.
