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This paper investigates the property of solar shadow trajectories on a planar surface and shows that camera parameters, latitude, longitude and shadow casting objects' relative height ratios can be estimated from two observed shadow trajectories.
We provide a quantitative bias correction for raw N ^ b based on the ratio Nb/ Ne, which can be estimated from two or three simple life history traits.
If the ratio Nb /Ne is known or can be estimated from two or three simple life history traits, Nb can be estimated with little (≤5 10%) bias.
The THG χ(3) of a liquid relative to glass can be estimated from two z-scan experiments: (i) a water-glass-liquid scan as shown in Fig. 3, and (ii) a water-glass-air reference scan (not shown).
If Nb /Ne can be estimated from two life history traits, this bias can be cut in half, and if true Nb /Ne is known, N ^ e and N ^ b both have the same low bias (2%).
If this ratio is not known but can be estimated from two or three simple life history traits (Waples et al. 2013), modified adjustments to N ^ b are possible (Table 3).
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These parameters can be estimated from three or more trial encodings using nonlinear regression techniques.
Affine transform can be estimated from three pairs of noncollinear points, but SURF and other techniques obtain hundreds of these pairs of points.
Since the developed model contains many more parameters than can be estimated from three time series of data, it was required to use local sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters should be re-estimated.
Some of the movement parameter values were estimated from two manipulation experiments.
With these assumptions the current calculated in Eq. (21) has an uncertainty of: (25 Gradients are estimated from two readings of the same satellite and are assumed to have a resolution of 1 rmf.
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