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This simple strategy is possible because of an insight that multivariate statistics can be recovered from single-variant statistics, together with the correlation matrix of the single-variant test statistics, which can be estimated from one of the participating studies or from a publicly available database.
It is not possible to solve directly optical flow problems from two images, as two unknowns (the two components of the velocity flow) are to be estimated from one equation (aperture problem [24]).
Moreover, the number of parameters needed to estimate target concentration N ^ mk in CNVhac is much fewer than prior statistical models and can be estimated from one single array quite stably [ 39].
As discussed earlier, recent evidence suggests that a 24-hour collection is more reliable than a spot urine sample to quantify proteinuria in LN, albeit much more difficult for patients to perform [ 16]. eGFR can be estimated from one of many equations, but prospective work is needed to determine the most accurate and reliable equation in LN.
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The complex bus voltages after the outage of a transmission line (or a transformer) are estimated from one base case power flow solution and sensitivity relationships.
Shadows can be greatly distorted when they are near the horizon, so all the shadows in the model are estimated from one and a half hours after sunrise to one and a half hours before sunset.
Another limitation is that the functional relationships were estimated from one trial.
Similarly, contrasts were constructed for each of the tests listed in figure 2. All of the contrasts were estimated from one model for autosomes and one model for the X.
Although the mechanisms for concerted evolution in mtDNA are not fully understood yet, recombination rates have been estimated from "one per speciation event" among albatross species [ 4], down to 850 years among populations of killifish [ 20].
Although the mechanisms for concerted evolution in mtDNA are not fully understood yet, recombination rates have been estimated from "one per speciation event" down to 850 years or even "during every replication cycle".
In our aligner, the mapping position T s of S is estimated from one of its MEMs as: (5) where we assume that S is aligned to the genome without gaps.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com