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Therefore, the nonnegative loading matrix can be estimated by computing the joint diagonalizer.

Specifically, Mickes et al. (2014) recommended that empirical discriminability be estimated by computing Gaussian-based d' for lineup studies that report only a single ROC point.

Now, the decoding bit-error probability can be estimated by computing (10), (11), and (12) with the use of (14), (15), and (16).

When two extractors are used, i and j, the conditional probability P (t|E i E j ) can be estimated by computing the precision resulting from intersecting the list of chemical entities identified by extractor i and j.

The hypothesis that the illuminant could be estimated by computing an average value for the light received as a stimulus has a long history, being proposed, additionally, by Edwin Land [8].

Thus the effect of the TSM on the samples between two synchronization codes can be estimated by computing the ratio of and N2, formulated as: where α denotes the scaling factor on the N2 samples.

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With k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) density estimation, density is estimated by computing the volume required to include the k nearest neighbors of the current sample [ 55- 57]: (8) p θ → = 1 N k ρ k θ → d v d In this equation ρ k represents the distance to the k t h nearest neighbor, d the number of dimensions and v d the volume of the unit ball in R d.

Parameters were estimated by computing the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters without any approximation of the model (that is, no linearization) using the stochastic approximation expectation maximization algorithm combined with a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure.

The level of genetic variation among populations was estimated by computing FST values using the estimator of Weir and Cockerham (1984).

The source geometry is estimated by computing the structural index from previously determined depth and location.

The separability is estimated by computing the Pearson correlation indices between pairs of variables.

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