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It remains to be established whether synovial endothelial cells express CXCL10 (Fig. 1a).
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Important issues that need to be clarified for serum CXCL13 to be established as an additional biomarker include demonstration of whether circulating levels of the chemokine reliably reflect synovial synthesis and different synovial pathotypes and how well they outperform currently available tests in the clinical assessment and prognostic stratification of RA.
The mechanism of CD55 deposition on synovial ECM remains to be established.
Whether a causal relation exists has yet to be established.
It has been established that synovial fluid alone, by virtue of its being a blood-plasma dialyzate, can nourish the articulating parts of the articular cartilages.
Occasionally, the diagnosis of chronic sarcoidosis is established after synovial biopsy [ 16].
RA synovial tissue biopsies, obtained under direct visualization at arthroscopy, were established as synovial explant cultures ex vivo or snap frozen for immunohistology.
In essence, autoimmunity and inflammation exist long before inflammatory lesions are established in the synovial membrane.
Although the aetiology underlying RA remains unknown, it is clear that inflammatory cytokine circuits are established in the synovial cells lining the joint in genetically susceptible individuals.
As no ultrasound scoring system for synovial pathology in children has been established either, severity of synovial pathology in the 102 sites was graded subjectively utilizing the rater's experience in the clinical studies in adults [ 19, 22, 29, 36- 38].
FLS was established from the RA and OA synovial tissues and used for experiments after five passages [ 26].
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