Interferon-γ responses were enhanced by exercise in men, whereas antibody titres were enhanced by eccentric exercise in women but not in men.
Angiogenesis is known to be stimulated by hypoxia, and stretch and shear stress on vascular endothelial cells in muscle tissue, which are enhanced by exercise [ 28, 29].
Sessa et al. were the first to report that eNOS gene expression is enhanced by exercise training in the coronary arteries.
Training improved ACh and adenosine responses, indicating that coronary conduit and resistance artery endothelium-dependent vasodilator function was enhanced by exercise.
In healthy university students, time-pressured mental arithmetic or exercise stress administered prior to vaccination was found to improve antibody responses to influenza vaccine in women (Edwards et al., 2006, 2007), and a recent study showed that antibody responses to Meningococcal A vaccine were enhanced by exercise and mental stress in men (Edwards et al., 2008).
The results suggest that spatial thinking was enhanced by exercising with Virtual Spaces 1.0 and asking self-regulating questions.
Many of these proteases are associated with physiological collagen turnover that could be enhanced by physical exercise [ 21, 22].
They suggested that maximising adherence is a key element dictating success of exercise therapy and that adherence can be enhanced by the use of supervised exercise sessions in the initial exercise period followed by home exercises.
Nevertheless, it can be enhanced by the use of supervised, class-format exercise sessions in the initial exercise period [ 10] combined with later 'refresher or booster' sessions [ 52, 53].
ICMT improved gait speed and EF in the majority of the review trials, and especially when tasks involving both cognitive and physical components (such as walking under conditions of divided attention) were included; findings were consistent with the literature indicating that cognitive functioning can be enhanced by physical and cognitive exercise [ 11, 78].
