However, bacterially derived non-replicating minicircle DNA, which is created by removal of plasmid backbone DNA through intramolecular site-specific recombination within a minicircle producer plasmid, can be engineered to contain predominantly human sequences with a low incidence of immunostimulatory CpG-containing motifs [ 1].
The attraction of algae would seem to lie in the possibility that, since they photosynthesise, they could be engineered to contain the whole sunlight-to-fuel process in one genetically engineered package.
Therefore nanoparticles can be engineered to contain specific optical, magnetic, interfacial, electrical or chemical properties to perform specific functions.
Moreover, the genomes of such alphaviruses can be engineered to contain RNA elements that would be functional only in cells of vertebrate, but not insect, origin.
In conclusion, immortalized hepatocytes can function as well as primary hepatocytes following transplantation and can be engineered to contain safeguards that could make them clinically useful.
Life cycles may also be modified so that many organisms overwinter in a relatively undifferentiated embryonic form (example, egg, cyst, spore, and seed) that can often be engineered to contain little or no freezable water.
