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Fibrinogen levels have been shown to be elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and to predict the development of type 2 diabetes in healthy individuals [24].
Breath acetone concentration is also reported to be elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it can be used to diagnose the onset of diabetes [ 10].
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Meta-analyses have shown that the risk for depression is elevated in type 2 diabetes.
Adiponectin levels are elevated in type I diabetics compared with healthy controls [ 140].
Levels of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), an adipokine secreted by adipocytes and the liver, are elevated in type 2 diabetes.
However, circulating adiponectin is elevated in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients, who have also a higher incidence to develop CVD.
However, another study showed that urinary levels of MMP-9, together with collagen type IV, were elevated in type 2 DN patients with macroalbuminuria [ 114].
Matrix metalloproteinase activity is elevated in type 1 diabetes urine (7), and matrix metalloproteinase expression is altered in the diabetic kidney (14).
Hepatic SULT1E1 expression, although normally low, is elevated in type 2 diabetic mice, and loss of SULT1E1 improved metabolic function in these same animals (260).
Wegner et al (2008) demonstrated that IL-12 levels are elevated in type 2 diabetics based on fasting proinsulin due to insulin resistance [ 14].
Ligands of TLR2 and TLR4, namely, HSP60, HSP70, HMGB1, endotoxin, and hyaluronan levels, were elevated in type 2 diabetic subjects and positively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4.
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