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The serum cytokeratin level can also be elevated in benign cavitary lung diseases.
Second, CA 19.9 can also be elevated in benign pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis [ 20], which often coexist with PC.
Serum levels may be elevated in benign conditions and in pancreatic, biliary, gastric, esophageal, and colonic cancers.
It may also be elevated in benign conditions including pancreatitis, hepatitis and cirrhosis, as well as in gastric cancer and colon cancer [ 8- 10].
Conventional biomarkers of pancreatitis such as CA19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen may also be elevated in benign conditions or in cancers; hence their inadequate sensitivity and specificity restricted the use of those markers in the early diagnosis of pancreatitis [ 12– 12].
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Moreover, the majority of cancer biomarkers are elevated in benign diseases, and some biomarkers are undetectable in early stage cancers.
Plasma PSA are elevated in benign diseases, such as in 30 ~ 50% BPH patients, which leads to low specificity [ 37].
CYFRA 21-1 serum levels were elevated in benign conditions such as liver cirrhosis, but not in endometriosis and inflammatory diseases.
8 On the other hand, serum AFP level is elevated in benign liver diseases, such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.
However, CA125, the widely accepted tumour marker of ovarian carcinoma, is of little clinical value in struma ovarii patients as it can be elevated in both benign and malignant subtypes and because it is not consistently elevated even in malignant cases [6].
Also were serum and tissue homogenate levels of PRL found to be elevated in dogs with benign and malignant mammary tumors [ 36].
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