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Live fencing is the use of living plants, such as a hedge, to create boundaries around or between areas, or the use of shrubbery that is unpalatable to animals, and can be effective at deterring crop-raiding herbivores (Hayward and Kerley 2009).
The results show that fruit-flavoured tobacco and lower nicotine content labels, two strategies widely used by the industry, may increase the demand for waterpipe smoking among young adults who have tried waterpipe, while waterpipe-specific health warnings may be effective at deterring smoking behaviour.
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Even the more optimistic study referenced above suggests sanctions have been effective at deterring states from launching weapons programs, but ineffective at curtailing existing programs like North Korea's.
These results suggest that mainland plants are effective at deterring and tolerating pocket gopher herbivory.
Senior officials were also skeptical that covert-influence operations would be effective at punishing and deterring Russia's President Vladimir Putin.
The University Interscholastic League, which governs high school sports in Texas, said there was insufficient data after one year to know whether the program was effective at catching or deterring drug users.
Finally, there is the question of whether a tax at such a low rate would be effective in deterring speculation – the economist James Tobin always thought a far higher tax would be needed to throw "sand in the wheels" of finance.
Beck said he was considering using anti-gang officers at games, but expressed confidence that regular patrol officers would be effective in deterring problems.
Despite the higher support for stricter gun laws, many Americans do not think the changes would be very effective at deterring violence.
A knife is effective at close distances.
Until now, this has been applied to the interior surface of windows where it doesn't interfere with cleaning but is less effective at deterring birds than on the outside - that may soon change though as new methods are developed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com