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In this study, c- myc and CCND1 may be dysfunctional due to the observed increased copy number, and it is possible that protein expression is increased as a consequence which may be a route to muscle-invasion.
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Moreover, it was dysfunctional due to lack of coordination between the training division, the consultant and the committee members which prevented them from carrying out their activities.
The DNA polymerase delta gene Pold1 retained an inactive exonuclease domain due to a single point mutation (D400A) [ 23, 24], while the mismatch repair gene Mlh1 was dysfunctional due to the deletion of exon 2 [ 25].
As strongly inferred in the downgrade of U.S. government debt by ratings agency Standard & Poor's, the democratic political system in the United States, and by extension in the U.K. and Eurozone, has been rendered dysfunctional due to general ineptitude, economic ignorance and ruinous internecine political conflict.
Increased mitochondrial biogenesis and increased mitochondrial density alone may reduce ROS production while at rest by providing new mitochondria to supplement those that are aged or dysfunctional due to oxidative stress, as well as increasing mitochondrial membrane surface area to facilitate diffusion and dissipation of proton gradients, thereby reducing the slowing of electron flow in the ETC.
This is preferable to growing up confused and dysfunctional due to the interference of confused and dysfunctional parents.
In some cases unitary pseudogenes are the direct remains of a gene that has become dysfunctional due to mutations.
The E-cadherin-catenin complex may be dysfunctional in these cases due to the presence of CDH1 gene mutation (see below) or aberrant/loss of expression of the catenin binding proteins [ 22], which may be detected using β-catenin and p120-catenin immunohistochemistry.
Restenosis is mainly characterized by intimal hyperplasia and vessel remodeling and is believed to be due to dysfunctional arterial healing involving primarily platelet aggregation and hyperplastic inflammatory pathways [ 3].
Second, the endothelium may be dysfunctional but is still able to respond to supraphysiological stimulation.
Replicative senescence has been shown to be due to critically shortened (dysfunctional) telomeres activating the p53- dependent DNA damage response checkpoint.
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